SQL WHERE

Internal

• SQL SELECT
• SQL UPDATE
• SQL DELETE

TODO

TO PROCESS: https://learning.oreilly.com/library/view/learning-sql-3rd/9781492057604/ch04.html

Overview

The WHERE clause is the mechanism for filtering out unwanted data from the result set. The WHERE clause can be used with SELECT, UPDATE and DELETE, but not with INSERT. The WHERE clause may contain an arbitrary number of filter conditions separated by AND, OR and NOT operators, and optionally grouped together with parentheses.

  FROM <filter_condition> AND|OR <filter_condition> ...

SELECT * FROM person WHERE person.name = 'Alice' AND (person.eye_color = 'blue' OR person.eye_color = 'black');

Filter Conditions

A condition is made up of one or more expressions, combined with one or more operators. An expression can be any of the following:

• A number
• A column in a table or a view
• A string literal
• A built-in function such as CONCAT()
• A subquery
• A list of expressions such as ('A', 'B', 'C')

The operators used within conditions include:

• Comparison operators: =, !=, <, >, <>, LIKE, IN, BETWEEN.
• Arithmetic operators: +, -, /, *

Equality Conditions

TO PROCESS: https://learning.oreilly.com/library/view/learning-sql-3rd/9781492057604/ch04.html#:-:text=Equality%20Conditions

Inequality Conditions

TO PROCESS: https://learning.oreilly.com/library/view/learning-sql-3rd/9781492057604/ch04.html#:-:text=Inequality%20conditions,an%20inequality%20condition%3A

Range Conditions

TO PROCESS: https://learning.oreilly.com/library/view/learning-sql-3rd/9781492057604/ch04.html#:-:text=Range%20Conditions

The BETWEEN Operator

TO PROCESS: https://learning.oreilly.com/library/view/learning-sql-3rd/9781492057604/ch04.html#:-:text=The%20between%20operator

String Ranges

TO PROCESS: https://learning.oreilly.com/library/view/learning-sql-3rd/9781492057604/ch04.html#:-:text=String%20ranges

Membership Conditions

TO PROCESS: https://learning.oreilly.com/library/view/learning-sql-3rd/9781492057604/ch04.html#:-:text=Membership%20Conditions

Using Subqueries

TO PROCESS: https://learning.oreilly.com/library/view/learning-sql-3rd/9781492057604/ch04.html#:-:text=Using%20subqueries

Matching Conditions

TO PROCESS: https://learning.oreilly.com/library/view/learning-sql-3rd/9781492057604/ch04.html#:-:text=Matching%20Conditions

Using Regular Expressions

TO PROCESS: https://learning.oreilly.com/library/view/learning-sql-3rd/9781492057604/ch04.html#:-:text=Using%20regular%20expressions

NULL in Conditions

TO PROCESS: https://learning.oreilly.com/library/view/learning-sql-3rd/9781492057604/ch04.html#:-:text=Null%3A%20That%20Four-Letter%20Word

Also see:

NULL

Using Parentheses

If the WHERE clause includes three or more conditions combined with AND, OR or NOT, you should use parentheses to make your intent clear.

TO PROCESS: https://learning.oreilly.com/library/view/learning-sql-3rd/9781492057604/ch04.html#:-:text=Using%20Parentheses

SQL Conditional Logic

TO PROCESS: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/sql-conditional-expressions/

CASE

CASE provides an IF/ELSE conditional logic that can be used in WHERE clauses.

CASE <expression>
    WHEN <result_1> THEN <expression>
    WHEN <result_1> THEN <expression>
    ...
    ELSE <expression>
END

A simple IF/ELSE:

CASE <expression_that_evaluates_to_true_or_false> WHEN TRUE THEN <if_expression>
ELSE <else_expression>
END

Usage example:

CASE array_length(person.skills, 1) > 0 WHEN TRUE THEN ('skill_we_search_for' = ANY(person.skills)) 
ELSE 'key_we_search_for' = ANY(general.skills)
END