Programming Languages Concepts

Typing

Type

A type determines the set of values and operations specific to values of that type, and the way the instances of the type are stored in memory - the size of the values.

Static Typing vs Dynamic Typing

• Wikipedia Type System https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_system

For a statically typed system, the variables always have a specific type, and that type cannot be changed.

Dynamically typed languages are convenient, because there are no intermediate steps between writing the code and executing it. However certain types of errors cannot be caught until the program executes. For statically typed languages, many of these errors are caught at the compilation phase. On the downside, static languages usually comes with a great deal of ceremony around everything that happens in the program (heavy syntax, type annotations, complex type hierarchies).

Strong Typing vs Loose Typing

• Wikipedia Strong and Weak Typing https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_and_weak_typing

Type Systems

The Go Type System

The JavaScript Type System

Duck Typing

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck_typing

Polymorphism

Polymorphism is a feature of a programming language allowing to write code that behaves differently depending on the runtime state at a specific moment in time. The contract of the behavior is defined by an interface, while the implementation of the interface can vary. In Java, different classes may implement an interface, and instances of those classes can be used interchangeably as that interface. In Go, different concrete types implement an interface.

Interfaces in Go

Metaprogramming

Metaprogramming is writing code that manipulates other code, or even itself.

Functional Programming

Closures and recursion are at the base of the functional programming paradigm.

Closures

Closures