Selenium Concepts

Internal

• Selenium

Overview

Selenium is a set of tools and libraries that can be used to automate testing of UI web applications running in browsers. Modern web browsers expose browser automation APIs that can be used to control the browser and run tests. Selenium operates on those APIs via its WebDriver component and it essentially remotely controls the browser, emulating a user's interaction with the browser: mouse movement, entering text into fields, selecting drop-down values, checking boxes and following links. As such, Selenium is at its core a browser user agent library. Selenium tests are expensive to run, but they have the advantage of being able to test all components of the application, from backend to frontend, from a user’s perspective.

Web Browser

Web browsers or user agents are the target of Selenium tests.

Browser Automation APIs

Modern browsers expose browser automation APIs that allow programmatically operating the browser as if a real user would do it. The availability of such API facilitate writing automated tests that simulate very closely a user interaction with the browser and with the application rendered by the browser. The Selenium component that interacts with the browser's automation API is WebDriver.

Cross-browser Testing

https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Introduction

Cross-browser testing is the practice of making sure that the web sites and web applications work across an acceptable number of web browsers.

WebDriver

https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/WebDriver

WebDriver is an API and a platform- and language-neutral wire protocol that defines an interface for controlling the behavior of web browsers (user agents). WebDriver takes the browser interaction mechanics to the browser vendor, asking it to take responsibility of the backend, browser-facing implementation. WebDriver is part of the W3C standardization process, with the goal of becoming the standard remote control library for user agents. Support for WebDriver allows Selenium to perform cross-browser testing.

WebDriver APIs

The WebDriver API provides a set of interfaces to discover and manipulate DOM elements in web documents and to control the behavior of a user agent. It is primarily intended to allow writing tests that automate a user agent from a separate controlling process, but may also be used in such a way as to allow in-browser scripts to control a possibly separate browser. WebDriver does not require its API to be compiled with the web application code, so it is not intrusive and allows testing the same application that is available in production.

This is an example of WebDriver interaction written in Python:

from selenium import webdriver
...
wait = WebDriverWait(driver, 10)
with webdriver.Firefox() as driver:
  driver.get('http://google.com/ncr')
  driver.find_element_by_name('q').send_keys('cheese' + Keys.RETURN)
  wait.until(presence_of_element_located((By.CSS_SELECTOR, "h3>a")))
  results = driver.find_elements_by_css_selector("h3>a")
  for i, result in results.iteritems():
     print("#{}: {} ({})".format(i, result.text, result.get_property("href")))

WebDriver Protocol

https://w3c.github.io/webdriver/#protocol

Drivers

Each browser is backed by a specific WebDriver implementation called a driver. The driver handles the communication to and from Selenium and the browser.

Google Chrome Driver

https://sites.google.com/chromium.org/driver/

Mozilla GeckoDriver

https://github.com/mozilla/geckodriver/

Selenium IDE

https://www.selenium.dev/selenium-ide/

The Selenium IDE is a tool that can be used to develop Selenium test cases. It is offered as Chrome and Firefox extensions. It records the user's actions in the browser and translates them into Selenium commands, producing Selenium scripts. The Selenium IDE can be extended through the use of plugins, which can introduce new commands to the IDE, or integrate with a third-party service.

IDE Plugins

https://www.selenium.dev/selenium-ide/docs/en/plugins/plugins-getting-started

Selenium Scripting

Selenium scripts can be produced by recording the user's actions in a browser via the Selenium IDE. During such a recording session, the IDE generates the appropriate Selenium commands with parameters defined by the context of the element being accessed.

Selenium Grid

https://www.selenium.dev/documentation/en/grid/

Selenium Grid is a tool allowing to run tests cases in different machines across different platforms. The Grid facilitates running the same WebDriver test on multiple browser and operating system combinations.

Selenium Tests

A Selenium test consists of actions, performed from the user's point of view, within the context of pages in the site. There are several types of tests that can be automated with Selenium:

Functional Test

https://www.selenium.dev/documentation/en/introduction/types_of_testing/#functional-testing

A functional test determines if a feature or system works properly. The test helps answering the question: "are we building the product right?"

Acceptance Test

https://www.selenium.dev/documentation/en/introduction/types_of_testing/#acceptance-testing

An acceptance test establishes if a feature or a system meets the customer expectations and requirements. This type of test generally involves the customer's cooperation or feedback. It is a validation activity that answers the question: "are we building the right product?". An acceptance test is a subtype of a functional test.

Regression Test

https://www.selenium.dev/documentation/en/introduction/types_of_testing/#regression-testing

Performance Test

https://www.selenium.dev/documentation/en/introduction/types_of_testing/#performance-testing

Load Test

https://www.selenium.dev/documentation/en/introduction/types_of_testing/#load-testing

Load testing is done to verify how well the application works under different defined loads, usually a particular number of users connected at once.

Stress Test

https://www.selenium.dev/documentation/en/introduction/types_of_testing/#stress-testing

Stress testing is done to verify how well the application works under stress, which means above the maximum supported load.

Organizatorium

Page Object Model

https://www.selenium.dev/documentation/en/guidelines_and_recommendations/page_object_models/

TO REFACTOR

Selenium Architecture

Selenium has a client-server architecture, and includes both client and server components.

Client

The Selenium client exposes the WebDriver API, which can be used to interact with the page. The client extends RemoteWebDriver, which communicates with the remote Selenium server. There are browser-specific constructors for the WebDriver (ChromeDriver, FirefoxDriver). There is still confusion on whether the client loads and uses a local driver or connects remotely to a server.

Server

The Selenium server receives request from the Selenium client's RemoteWebDriver. It also includes WebDriver API to run tests against web browsers on the server machine.

Navigation to a Web Page

WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.get("http://example.com");