Build.gradle

External

• https://docs.gradle.org/current/userguide/writing_build_scripts.html

Internal

• Gradle Configuration
• Gradle Concepts

Overview

The project-level configuration script that contains task configuration for the current project, written in the Gradle's DSL. It tells Gradle what to build. The build script may contain any Groovy language element, including:

• println
• variable declarations
• plugin declarations
• repositories

It can be created automatically on project initialization with gradle init. To make build scripts more concise, Gradle automatically adds the set of default Gradle import statements to the script.

build.gradle is written in Groovy. Groovy has both double-quoted and single-quoted String literals. The main difference is that double-quoted String literals support String interpolation.

Example

apply plugin: 'java'

group = "io.novaordis.playground.gradle"
version = "1.0"
sourceCompatibility = 1.8
targetCompatibility = 1.8

repositories {
    mavenCentral()
}

configurations.all {
    resolutionStrategy.cacheChangingModulesFor 3600, 'seconds'
}

dependencies {
    implementation 'org.slf4j:slf4j-api:1.7.12'
    testImplementation 'junit:junit:4.+'
}

configurations {
    testImplementation.exclude group: 'com.example'
}

compileJava {
    options.compilerArgs += ['-Xlint']
}

javadoc {
    options.charSet = 'UTF-8'
}

task runMain(type: JavaExec) {
    classpath = sourceSets.main.runtimeClasspath
    main = "io.novaordis.playground.gradle.java.Main"
}

Comments

// This is a comment

Variables

There are two kinds of variables that can be declared in a build script: local variables and extra properties:

Local Variables

Local variables, which are a feature of the underlying Groovy language, are declared with the "def" keyword. They are only visible in the scope where they have been declared.

def myVariable = "something"
...
println myVariable

Extra Properties

Extra properties can be declared as follows:

...
ext {
    log4jVersion = "2.1.7"
    emailNotification = "build@example.com"
}
...

DSL

The following elements are part of Project API.

configurations.all

Applies enclosed to all configurations.

configurations.all {
    resolutionStrategy.cacheDynamicVersionsFor 10, 'minutes'
}

Alternative:

configurations.all {
    resolutionStrategy {
        cacheDynamicVersionsFor 10, 'minutes'
    }
}

Configuration

resolutionStrategy

https://docs.gradle.org/current/dsl/org.gradle.api.artifacts.ResolutionStrategy.html

cacheDynamicVersionsFor

Configures dynamic version caching threshold.

resolutionStrategy.cacheDynamicVersionsFor 10, 'minutes'

configurations

configurations {
    testCompile.exclude group: 'io.example'
}

buildscript

Used when external plugins need to be downloaded.

buildscript {
    repositories {
        maven { url 'https://plugins.gradle.org/m2/' }
    }
  dependencies {
    classpath 'com.netflix.nebula:gradle-ospackage-plugin:4.3.0'
  }
}

repositories

https://docs.gradle.org/current/userguide/declaring_repositories.html

Repositories are declared in a 'repositories' block:

repositories {
    ...
}

Multiple repositories can be declared in the same block. Syntax examples are available for custom Maven repositories, directory-based repositories, Maven Central, etc. The most common setting is declaring that our dependencies are available in Maven Central:

repositories {
    mavenCentral()
}

dependencies

A DSL element that declares the dependencies of the module. The block lists dependency configurations known to the project, followed by list of dependencies.

dependencies {
    implementation 'org.slf4j:slf4j-api:1.7.12'
    api 'com.google.guava:guava:23.0'
    ...
}

Note that the declared dependencies must be available in a declared repository, so repositories must be declared.

Dependencies can also be declared without a version, and dependency constraints can be used to manage the version, including the transitive versions.

dependencies {
    implementation 'org.slf4j:slf4j-api'
    constraints {
        implementation 'org.slf4j:slf4j-api:1.7.12'
    }
}

When declaring a dependency, a reason for the declaration can be provided in-line:

dependencies {
    implementation('org.slf4j:slf4j-api:1.7.12') {
        because 'because we like SLF4J'
    }
}

Dependencies between Subprojects

Dependencies between the subprojects of the same root project must be explicitly declared. If classes belonging to "subproject-B" depend on classes in "subproject-A", then in the build.gradle of subproject-B we must add:

dependencies {
    ...
    implementation project(':subproject-A')
    ...
}

Multi-Project Configuration

allprojects

The allprojects block is used to add configuration items that will apply to all sub-projects, as well as the root project.

allprojects {
  repositories {
    ...
  }
}

subprojects

The subprojects block is used to add configuration times for sub-projects only.

subprojects {
    ...
}

Custom Tasks

Custom Tasks