Bash Functions

Internal

• bash

Defintion

Syntax

[function] function-name() {
    ...
}

The "function" keyword is optional.

Arguments

The function does not declare its arguments in the signature. They are available in the function's body as $1, $2, etc.

__Important__: For more than 9 arguments, always refer to arguments using ${}: ${10} not $10. If you use $10, you'll actually get the first argument ($1) with a "0" appended to it.

Exit Status

A bash function does not return a value, it only allows to set an exit status, which is a numerical value. 0 indicates success and a non-zero value indicates failure. The exit status is declared with the "return" keyword:

 function f() {
    ...
    return 0
 }

The function's caller can retrieve the exist status with $?.

Returning Values

As mentioned above, functions do not return values. However, we may send content to stdout or stderr from the body of the function, and that content can be captured by the caller as follows:

 function callee() {
    
     echo "we send this to stdout"
     echo "we send this to stderr" 1>&2
 }
 
 function caller() {
     
     local content
     content=$(callee)
     echo "${content}"
 }

Command substitution demonstrated above will capture the content that is being sent to stdout into the local variable "content". The content sent to stderr will be sent to the stderr of the executing shell.