Kubernetes Service Concepts
External
- https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/
- https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/en/SSBS6K_3.1.1/manage_network/kubernetes_types.html
Internal
Playground
Overview
A service is a Kubernetes resource that provides stable network access to a set of ephemeral pods. The need for such a resource is explained in the Need for Services section. The simplest kind of service provides a stable Cluster IP address. More complex services, such as NodePort and LoadBalancer services, use ClusterIP services and expand their functionality. The services and the pods they are exposed are associated using labels and selectors. Once the logical association is declared, the Kubernetes cluster monitors the state of the pods and includes or excludes pods from the pod set exposed by the service. Other Kubernetes API resources, such as Endpoints, are involved in this process.
Need for Services
Most pods exist to serve requests sent over the network, so the pods' clients need to know how to open a network connection into the pod - they need an IP address and a port. This is true for clients external to the Kubernetes cluster, and also for pods running inside the cluster, which act as clients for other pods.
However, as described in the Pod Lifecycle section, the pods are ephemeral, they come and go. If a pod fails, it is not resurrected, but its failure is detected as result of lack of response from the liveness probe embedded within it and another pod is usually scheduled as replacement. The pod does not need to fail to be removed, the removal can be the result of a normal scale-down operation. In consequence, the IP address of an individual pod cannot be relied on.
First off, the IP address is dynamically allocated to the pod at the time of pod initialization, after the pod has been scheduled to a node and before the pod is started, and secondly, the IP address becomes obsolete the moment the pod disappears. As such, it is practically very difficult, if not impossible for application's clients running outside the Kubernetes cluster, or even for other pods acting as clients to keep track of ephemeral pod IP addresses.
Multiple pods may be providing the same service, and each of them has its own IP address. The client must not be put in the position to have to chose a specific IP address and pod, they should not even need to know there are multiple pods providing the service.
The solution to all these problems is maintain an instance of a specialized resource, the service, for each of such group of pods. The service instance exposes a stable IP address and set of ports for the life of the service instance.
Service Manifest
Service (ClusterIP Service)
In its simplest form, a service is a Kubernetes API resource providing a single, stable Cluster IP address and a set of ports that serve as point of entry to a group of pods providing the same service. A service that does not specify a type is by default a "ClusterIP" service.
The IP address will remain unchanged throughout the whole lifetime of the service. A client opens a network connection to the IP address and port, and the service load-balances the connection to one of the pods associated with it. Individual pods exposed by the service may come and go, and the service makes this transparent to the clients, as explained in the Associating a Service with Pods section.
Internal Kubernetes cluster clients, such as other pods, can use the service's IP address and ports to connect to the pods exposed by the service. This type of service is know as a ClusterIP service. Only internal clients can use a ClusterIP service, because the Cluster IP address is only routable from inside the Kubernetes cluster. Designating a service as a ClusterIP service by specifying spec.type=ClusterIP in the service's manifest is optional.
The pods may be scheduled on different physical Kubernetes nodes, but they are accessible to the service and each other via the virtual pod network.
The Cluster IP and the service's external port is reported by kubectl get svc:
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
httpd-svc ClusterIP 10.106.185.218 <none> 9898/TCP 43m
kubernetes ClusterIP 10.96.0.1 <none> 443/TCP 3h26m
Services operate at the TCP/UDP layer (level 4) and in consequence cannot provide application-layer routing. If such routing is needed, and Ingress must be used.
Service Port(s)
A service port designates a port exposed by the service externally. This is a port the service will be available on, and the value will be used by the external clients connecting to the service. It is declared with .spec.ports[*].port in the service manifest.
A service may expose more than one port, and the requests arrived on any of these ports will be forwarded to the corresponding configured target ports.
kind: Service
...
spec:
ports:
- name: http
port: 80
targetPort: 8080
- name: https
port: 443
targetPort: 8443
...
Note that the label selector applies to the service as a whole. It cannot be configured on a per-port basis. If different ports must map to a different subset of pods, different services must be created.
Port Name
When more than one port is specified for a service, a name must be specified for each port with .spec.ports[*].name, as shown in the above example. If there is just one port per service, the name element is optional.
Service Target Port
A target port represents the port exposed by a container from the pods associated with the service, as declared by the .spec.containers[*].ports array elements of the pod manifest. The service will forward requests over connections opened with this port as target. It is declared with .spec.ports[*].targetPort in the service manifest.
In most cases, an integral port value is used as .spec.ports[*].targetPort value, but it is also it is possible to name ports in the pod's manifest using .spec.containers[*].ports.name elements, and use those names as value for targetPort in the service definition:
kind: Service
...
spec:
ports:
- name: http
port: 80
targetPort: 'http'
The benefit of using names instead of port numbers is that the port numbers can be changed by the pods without changing the service spec.
Discovering ClusterIP Services within the Cluster
A Kubernetes cluster automatically advertises its ClusterIP services throughout the cluster by publishing their name/IP address association as they come online. The potential clients can use two mechanism to learn the cluster IP address and ports associated with a specific service: environment variables and DNS.
Environment Variables
Any pod gets its environment automatically initialized by the cluster with special environment variables pointing to the IP address and ports for all services from the same namespace that exist at the moment of initialization.
⚠️ If a service comes on-line after a potential client pod has been deployed, the potential client pod's environment will not be updated.
The IP address of a service will be exposed as <SERVICE-NAME>_SERVICE_HOST and the port will be exposed as <SERVICE-NAME>_SERVICE_PORT, where all letters in the service name are uppercased and the dashes in the name are converted to underscores (some-service → SOME_SERVICE). If more than one port is declared for the service, the mandatory "name" element is uppercased and used to assemble the environment variable carrying the port value, following the pattern: <SERVICE-NAME>_SERVICE_PORT_<PORT-NAME>:
EXAMPLE_SERVICE_HOST=10.103.254.75
EXAMPLE_SERVICE_PORT_A=80
EXAMPLE_SERVICE_PORT_B=81
DNS
During a service deployment, the Kubernetes API server updates the internal database of the cluster's DNS server so the name of the newly deployed service is mapped to its ClusterIP address. Each service gets a DNS entry in the internal DNS server. Any DNS query performed by a process running in a pod will be handled by the Kubernetes DNS server, which knows all services running in the cluster. This way, a client pod that knows the name of the service can access it through its fully qualified domain name (FQDN).
The FQDN of a service matches the following pattern:
<service-name>.<namespace>.svc.cluster.local
where <namespace> is the namespace the service was defined in and svc.cluster.local is a configurable suffix used in all local cluster service names. "svc.cluster.local" can be ommitted, because all pods are configured to list "svc.cluster.local" in their /etc/resolv.conf search clause. If the client pod and the service are in the same namespace, the namespace name from the FQDN can also be omitted.
⚠️ Unlike for environment variables, the service must still know the service port number, as that information is not disseminated with DNS. If the client pod and the service are deployed in the same namespace, the client pod can get the port number from the corresponding environment variable.
More details about DNS support in a Kubernetes cluster are available in:
Session Affinity
With no additional configuration, successive requests to a service, even if they are made by the same client, will be forwarded to different pods, randomly. By default, there is no session affinity, and this corresponds to a .spec.sessionAffinity configuration of "None".
However, even if session affinity is set to "None" but the client uses keep-alive connections, successive requests over the same connection will be sent to the same pod. This is because the services work at connection level, so when a connection to a service is first opened, it extends all the way to the target pod, and the same pod will be used until the connection is closed.
The only kind of session affinity that can be configured is "ClientIP": all requests made by a certain client, identified by its IP, are proxied to the same pod every time.
Services do not provide cookie-based session affinity because they operate at transport level (TCP/UDP) and do not inspect the payload carried by the packets. To have cookie-based session affinity, the proxy must be capable of understanding HTTP, which is not the case for services.
Kubernetes API Server Service
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
kubernetes ClusterIP 10.96.0.1 <none> 443/TCP 7h47m
ClusterIP Service Implementation Details
Pinging ClusterIP Services
The cluster IP address associated with a service cannot be ping-ed. This is because the service's cluster IP is a virtual IP, and it only has meaning when combined with the service port.
Associating a Service with Pods
The pods are loosely associated with the service exposing them: a ClusterIP service identifies the pods to forward request to by declaring a selector:
kind: Service
spec:
...
selector:
key1: value1
key2: value2
...
The pods that intend to serve requests proxied by the service must declare all key/value pairs listed by the service selector to be considered. The pod may declare extra labels in additions with those specified by the service selector, and those will not interfere with the service selection process. The label selector needs to match some of the labels on a pod, but for a pod to match a service, in must have all of the labels the service is looking for. If the number of pods increases as result of scaling up the deployment, no service modification is required - the service dynamically identifies the new pods and starts to load-balance requests to them, as soon as they are ready to serve requests.
The list of active pods associated with the service is maintained by Endpoints, which is another Kubernetes API resource. All pods capable of handling requests for the service are represented by entries in the Endpoints instance associated with the service.
Endpoints
A ClusterIP services relies on a list of pods it can forward requests to. The list is dynamic, as new pods may be deployed, or suddenly become unavailable. The list is maintained by the Kubernetes API resource named Endpoints with the same name as the service it is associated with. The Endpoints instances are updated by the endpoints controller. Various factors are taken into consideration: label match, pod availability, the state of its readiness probe, etc. There is a one-to-one association between a service and its Endpoints instance, but the Endpoints is a separate resource and not an attribute of the service.
kubectl get endpoints example
NAME ENDPOINTS AGE
example 10.1.0.67:80,10.1.0.69:80 7m53s
kubectl -o yaml get endpoints example
apiVersion: v1
kind: Endpoints
metadata:
name: example
subsets:
- addresses:
- ip: 10.1.0.67
nodeName: docker-desktop
targetRef:
kind: Pod
name: httpd
- ip: 10.1.0.69
nodeName: docker-desktop
targetRef:
kind: Pod
name: httpd-3
ports:
- port: 80
protocol: TCP
Although the pod selector is defined in the service spec, it is not used directly when redirecting incoming connections. Instead, the selector is used to build a list of endpoints (IP:port pairs), which is then stored in the associated Endpoints resource. When a client connects to the service, the service selects one of those endpoints (IP:port pairs) and redirects the incoming connection to the server listening at that location.
If the service is created without a pod selector, the associated Endpoints won't even be created. However, it can be created, configured and updated manually. To create a service with manually managed endpoints, you need to create both the service and the Endpoints resource. They are connected via name: the name of the service and of the Endpoints instance must be the same.
Endpoints Controller
The endpoints controller is part of the controller manager.
Readiness Probe
Connecting to External Services from within the Cluster (ExternalName Service)
An ExternalName service is a service that proxies to an external service instead of a set of pods.
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: 'external-service'
spec:
type: ExternalName
externalName: someservice.someserver.com
ports:
- port: 80
ExternalName services are implemented in DNS - a CNAME DNS record is created for the service. Therefore, clients connecting to the service will connect to the external service directly, bypassing the service proxy completely. For this reason, these type of service do not even get a cluster IP.
The benefit of using an ExternalService is that it allows to modify the service definition and point to a different service any time later by only changing the externalName, or by changing the type back to ClusterIP and creating an Endpoints object for the service - either manually or via a selector.
Exposing Services outside the Cluster
NodePort Service
A NodePort service is a type of service that builds upon ClusterIP service functionality and provides an additional feature: it allows clients external to the Kubernetes cluster to connect to the service's pods. The feature is implemented by having each Kubernetes node open a port on the node itself (hence the name) and forwarding incoming node port connections to the underlying ClusterIP service. All features of the underlying ClusterIP service are also available on the NodePort service: internal clients can use the NodePort service as a ClusterIP service.
The port reserved by a NodePort service has the same value on all nodes.
A NodePort service can be created posting a manifest similar to:
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: example-nodeport
spec:
type: NodePort
ports:
- port: 80
targetPort: 8080
nodePort: 30080
selector:
function: serves-http
What makes the manifest different form a ClusterIP service manifest are the type (NodePort) and the optional nodePort configuration elements. Everything else is the same.
The valid range for node ports is 30000-32767. Setting the nodePort is not mandatory, if not specified, an random port will be chosen.
More details about the service manifest are available in:
Inspection of a NodePort service reveals that it also exposes a cluster IP address, as a ClusterIP service. The PORT(S) column reports both the internal port of the cluster IP (80) and the node port (30080). The service is available inside the cluster at 10.107.165.237:80 and externally, on any node, at <node-ip>:30080.
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
example NodePort 10.107.165.237 <none> 80:30080/TCP 6s
Node/Pod Relationship
Without additional configuration, a connection received on a particular node may or may be not forwarded to a pod deployed on that node, because the connection is forwarded to the ClusterIP service first, and the ClusterIP service chooses a pod randomly.
An extra network hop may not be desirable, and it can be prevented by configuring the service to redirect external traffic only to pods running on the node that receives the connection. This is done by setting externalTrafficPolicy to "Local" in the service's specification section. If externalTrafficPolicy is configured to "Local" and external connection is opened through the service's node port, the service proxy will choose a locally running pod. ⚠️ If no local pod exists, the connection will hang, so only nodes that have qualified pods deploying on them must be chosen. Using this annotation has the additional drawback that will prevent the service to evenly spread load across pod, and some pods may be get more load than others.
Client IP Preservation
When an internal cluster connection is handled by a ClusterIP service, the pods backing the service can obtain the client IP address. However, when the connection is proxied by a Node Port service, the packets' source IP is changes by Source Network Address Translation (SNAT). The backing pod will not be able to see the client IP address anymore. This is not the case when externalTrafficPolicy is set to "Local", because there is no additional hop between the node receiving the connection and the node hosting the target pod - SNAT is not performed.
LoadBalancer Service
A LoadBalancer service is a type of service that builds upon NodePort service functionality and provides an additional feature: it interacts with the cloud infrastructure the Kubernetes cluster is deployed on and triggers the provisioning of an external load balancer. The load balancer proxies traffic to the Kubernetes nodes, using the node port opened by the underlying NodeService. External clients connect to the service through the load balancer's IP.
A LoadBalancer service can be created posting a manifest similar to the one below:
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: example-loadbalancer
spec:
type: LoadBalancer
ports:
- port: 80
targetPort: 8080
selector:
function: serves-http
It is similar to a NodePort manifest.
If Kubernetes is running in an environment that does not support LoadBalancer services, the load balancer will not be provisioned, and the service will behave as NodePort service.
LoadBalancers and Different Kubernetes Implementations
Docker Desktop Kubernetes
A physical load balancer will not be provisioned. However, the service will become accessible on localhost (127.0.0.1) on the port declared as "port" (not nodePort) because Docker Desktop Kubernetes implementation will automatically tunnel to the node port, at the Docker Desktop Kubernetes VM's IP address:
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
example LoadBalancer 10.104.90.206 localhost 80:31353/TCP 10s
curl http://localhost/
IP address: 10.1.0.75
minikube
A physical load balancer will not be provisioned. However, the service will become accessible on localhost (127.0.0.1) because minikube implementation will automatically tunnel to the node port, at the minikube VM's IP address.
EKS
Ingress
An Ingress resource is a different mechanism for exposing multiple services through a single IP address. Unlike the other services presented so far, which operate at layer 4, an Ingress operates at HTTP protocol layer (layer 7).