HTTP Persistent Connections

External

• RFC 2616 - Connections https://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec8.html
• Wikipedia - Persistent Connections https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_persistent_connection
• HTTP Keepalive http://web.archive.org/web/20100813132504/http://www.io.com/~maus/HttpKeepAlive.html
• Akamai Support of Persistent Connections https://community.akamai.com/thread/1192
• O'Reilly HTTP: The Definitive Guide - Persistent Connections https://www.safaribooksonline.com/library/view/http-the-definitive/1565925092/ch04s05.html

Internal

• Keep-Alive
• HTTP

Overview

By connection, we understand the TCP/IP connection opened between a HTTP client and a HTTP server. Prior to the introduction of the persistent connections by HTTP/1.1, there was no official specification on how to establish and maintain persistent connections. This article assumes HTTP/1.1 and it does not apply to HTTP/1.0.

Connection via a Proxy

A HTTP persistent connection is a TCP/IP connection between the client and server that allows more that one request per connection.

It is the client that initially requests the connection to be kept alive. In HTTP 1.1, a persistent connection is initiated by specifying a "Keep-Alive" value for the "Connection" request header:

GET ... HTTP/1.1
Host: ...
Connection: Keep-Alive

The server may or may not support persistent connections. If the server does support them, it will confirm that by including with the response a "Connection" response header:

200 OK
Content-Length: ...
Connection: Keep-Alive

Once both the client and the server have agreed on using persistent connections, they will keep the underlying TCP/IP connection open, and subsequent requests from that client will be sent over the persistent connection.

Advantages of Persistent Connections

• Both the client and the server avoid multiple TCP and SSL handshakes.
• The network throughput is increasing by avoiding TCP slowstart algorithms.

Disadvantages of Persistent Connections

• If the persistent connections are maintained for too long for idle clients, this may cause performance problems in heavily loaded servers. The higher the timeout, the more server processes will be kept occupied waiting on connections with idle clients.

Configuration

For details on how to configure HTTP persistent connections with httpd, see:

httpd Persistent Connection Configuration