Strings in YAML

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Overview

There is wide variety of choices when it comes to representing strings in YAML. Strings can represented as flow scalars and block scalars. A flow scalar can be plain, single quoted and double quoted. A block scalar can be literal or folded.

Flow Scalars

"Flow" comes from "flow style", where successive YAML elements are placed on the same line, directly next to each other. This style is different from the "block style", where separate YAML elements are arranged into separate blocks defined by the same indentation. A string can be represented as a plain flow scalar, single quoted flow scalar and double quoted flow scalar.

Plain Flow Scalar

A plain flow scalar string starts immediately after :  (colon-space) and it does not require any quote. 

a: this is a plain flow scalar string

The plain flow scalar string can be continued on the next lines of the YAML file. However, "folding" the string over multiple lines does not mean that we are introducing new line characters in the string. The lines are concatenated and joined with a single space (If some lines are indented more than others, this is ignored). Note that the amount of space between characters is preserved. 

a: this is a plain flow scalar string
 that folds
       over the
                 line boundary

The string value is this is a plain flow scalar string that folds over the line boundary. 

long_key:
 the plain flow
    scalar string may
       have a smaller 
     indentation than
             the key

The string value is the plain flow scalar string may have a smaller indentation than the key.

New lines can be introduced in the string value by entering empty lines in the flow value. Each empty line introduces a new line character in the string value: 

a: this string
      
             contains


                         new lines

The string value is: 

this string
contains

new lines

Plain flow scalar strings can contain:

  • Single and double quotes, as long as they are not the first character of the string.
  • Tabs
  • Backslashes
  • Unicode characters
a: this ' is " also ' a \ plain flow scalar string

The string value will be: this ' is " also ' a \ plain flow scalar string.

Plain Flow Scalar String Limitations

  • Cannot contain escape sequences: \n, \t
  • Cannot contain : &nbps;(:<space>). Colons are allowed but only if they are not followed by whitespace.
  • Cannot contain #&nbps;(<space>#). This starts a comment
  • Cannot start with:
    • -  -<space>
    • :  :<space>
    • ?  ?<space>
    • !
    • &
    • *
    • {, }, [, ] (flow mapping or sequence)
    • , (flow collection entry separator)
    • # (comment)
    • | or > (block scalar)
    • @
    • ` back tick
    • ', "

Comments and Plain Flow Scalars

A comment will end a plain flow scalar, the following example is invalid: 

some_key:
   this is            # comment
   an invalid example

Single Quoted Flow Scalar

Single quoted flow scalars work like plain scalars, but they accept additional characters that are not accepted by plain flow scalars. 

some_key: 'escape seqs \n \t, : (semicolon space), - (dash space), ? (question mark space) ! & * { } [ ] | > @ `, '

The string value is escape seqs \n \t, : (semicolon space), - (dash space), ? (question mark space) ! & * { } [ ] | > @ `,

Single quoted flow scalars have similar folding rules as plain flow scalars.

Double Quoted Flow Scalar

Double quoted flow scalars have the same rules ass single quoted scalars, plus some extra rules and escape sequences.

This is the only scalar style where escape sequences can be used. 

some_key: "multi\nline"

The string value is: 

multi
line

Only a limited set of characters can be escaped, other escapes are invalid. 

some_key: "some\,thing"

will produce a parsing error.

There are special escape sequence that can be used to express any character: 

"a \x20 space"
"a vertical \v tab can also be written as \x0B or \x0b"
"an 'A' in 8-bit unicode: \x41"
"an 'A' in 16-bit unicode: \u0041"
"an 'A' in 32-bit unicode: \U00000041"

For more details:

https://yaml.org/spec/1.2-old/spec.html#id2776092

Backslash in Double Quotes

If a backslash is added the end of a line, the next line will be folded without a space. 

some_key: 
  "a\
   b\
   c"

The string value is a b c.

Block Scalars

There are literal and folded block scalars. They are introduced by | and > respectively. The content must start on the next line and must be indented.

Literal Block Scalar

The literal block scalar in introduced by | (pipe). The content must start on the next line and the content is indented (block). If a line has a smaller indentation than the previous, this is a syntax error. The string value ends with a new line, but further trailing new lines will be stripped. The main advantage of using the literal block scalar is that it preserve a multi-line format so it is useful when storing code or shell scripts, for example. 

some_key: |
  this 
  is
  a literal block
  scalar

The string is: 

this 
is
a literal block
scalar

The indentation is detected from the first non-empty line of the block scalar, but the empty lines will become part of the string. 

some_key: |


       a
       b

The string is: 

a
b

Additional rules:

  • Trailing spaces are preserved
  • Cannot use escape sequences

A comment can be added to a block scalar immediately after the header: 

some_key: | # this is a comment
  a
  b

Folded Block Scalar

A folded block scalar will fold its lines with spaces. It is introduced with the >. The content must start on the next line and must be indented (broken indentation will cause parsing error). The string value ends with a new line, but further trailing new lines will be stripped 

some_key: >
 this
 is
 a
 folded
 block
 scalar

The string is this is a folded block scalar.

The folding rules are almost the same as for plain flow scalars.

Rules:

  • Trailing spaces are preserved.
  • Cannot use escape sequences.

A comment can be added to a block scalar immediately after the header: 

some_key: | # this is a comment
  a
  b

Multi-Line Strings

TODO

TODO:

  • How can it be parsed and dumped with python.

TODEPLETE

Strings do not require quotation, but it is recommended to quote them, to explicitly specify they are strings and type inference should not be attempted.

The following representations are equivalent for a string: 

s1: bare words string
s2: "a double-quoted string"
s3: 'a single-quoted string'

All forms represented above are named "inline", in that the strings must be rendered on one line.

In the bare word format, characters cannot be escaped.

Double-quoted strings can have specific characters escaped with \. Double quotes can be escaped with \" and line breaks can be escaped with \n.

Single-quoted strings are "literal" strings, they do not use \ to escape characters. The only escape sequence is '' (two single quotes), which is decoded as a single '.


Literal Style

Multi-line strings can be written using the '|' character followed by a new line. To be considered multi-line content, the first line under the '|'-terminated line must be indented on a level deeper that the line containing the '|' and the subsequent multi-line lines must be indented with the same offset as the first line. Trailing white space is stripped. The new line characters are preserved.

This is correct multi-line (the multi-lines must be indented under 'data'): 

data: |
  This is a
  multi-line
  text section

The value of data is equivalent with "This is a\nmulti-line\ntext selection\n".

This is NOT a correct mult-line, because the "mult-lines" are not correctly indented: 

data: |
This is not
a correct multi-line

The "|" multi-line operator implies that a trailing newline will be added to the string. In the correct above example, the data value will be equivalent with "This is a\nmulti-line\ntext selection\n" - note the trailing new line. If we want the YAML processor to strip off the trailing newline, we should use "|-" instead of "|": 

dataWithoutTrailingNewLine: |-
  This is a
  multi-line
  text section

The dataWithoutTrailingNewLine value is equivalent with "This is a\nmulti-line\ntext selection". Note the lack of trailing newline.

If we want the trailing whitespace to be preserved, we should use "|+" instead of "|": 

dataWithTrailingWhitespacePreserved: |+
  This is a
  multi-line
  text section


another: value

The dataWithTrailingWhitespacePreserved value is equivalent with "This is a\nmulti-line\ntext selection\n\n\n".

Folded Style

The '>' character followed by a new line folds all the new lines, after removing trailing white space and new lines. All but the last newline will be converted to space. 

data: >
   This is another
   multi-line
   text section
   but in the final form
   it will be just one long string
   without new lines
   except the last one

The data value is equivalent with "This is another multi-line text section but in the final form it will be just one long string without new lines except the last one\n"

If we wan to drop the trailing newline instead of preserving it, use ">-" instead of ">": 

dataWihtoutTrailingNewLine: >-
   Something
   else

dataWihtoutTrailingNewLine value is equivalent with "Something else". Note the lack of trailing newline.

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