Git branch

Internal

• Git Commands
• Git Concepts

Overview

git branch is used to perform branch-related operations: listing existing branches, creating new local and remote branches, renaming branches and deleting branches.

Use git checkout to check out the content of a branch in the local work area.

For a description of the concepts behind Git branches, see:

Git Concepts - Branches

List Existing Branches

The local (topic) branches in the repository are displayed by executing git branch without any argument, or with the default --list argument:

git branch [--list]

The output of the command reflects the content of the .git/refs/heads/ directory.

The tracking branches are displayed by executing:

git branch -r

The output of the command reflects the content of the .git/refs/remotes/<remote-name> directories.

To display both local and tracking branches, use:

git branch -a

List the Currently Checked Out Branch

List the currently checked out branch in the current work tree:

git rev-parse --abbrev-ref HEAD

Branch Details

git show-branch

Check Out a Branch

git checkout <local-branch-name>

Create and Check Out a New Branch in One Operation

This creates a new branch rooted in the HEAD of the current branch and also checks out that branch, making it current:

git checkout -b <new-local-branch-name>

Create a New Local Branch

A new local branch can be created with

git branch <new-branch-name>

This creates a new local topic branch new-branch-name rooted in the HEAD of the current branch, so the default behavior is to create a branch right at the point where you're working right now. An alternate starting commit can be provided by specifying the commit hash.

git branch <new-branch-name> [starting-commit]

Immediately after creation, the branch exists just as a name in the local repository. It does not change the working directory to use the new branch. From an implementation point of view, the only effect is that a new refs/heads/<new-branch-name>> ref appears. If you want to use the newly created branch, you need to check it out (switch to it) with git checkout or git switch.

The newly created branch is not shared by default with any remote repository.

What Happens if There Are Work Tree Changes at the Time of New Branch Creation?

If you start modifying local files and then decide to create a new branch for those modifications, you can simply go ahead and create the branch, check out the new branch and commit the changes on the new branch - the changes will be transferred to the new branch without any complications.

Create a New Local Branch at a Specific Commit

git checkout <branch-that-contains-the-commit>
git branch <new-branch-name-which-should-probably-include-a-sha-fragment> <commit-sha>
git checkout <new-branch-name-which-should-probably-include-a-sha-fragment>

Publish a Local Branch in a Remote Repository

This sections was written with the assumption that the value of 'push.default' is "simple". This is the recommended value, which leads to a more deterministic behavior. For more details see push.default.

Create the Remote Branch and its Local Remote-Tracking Branch

We assume that at this stage, a new local branch exists, created with the procedure described in Create a New Local Branch.

To create a corresponding remote branch, with the same name, and its local remote-tracking branch, execute:

git push <remote-name> <local-branch-name>

Example:

git push origin reference-implementation

In the above example, <local-branch-name> is a degenerate form of +source:destination refspec where only the source ref is specified.

Note that you don't have to be on the branch being pushed while executing the command.

The effect of the command is the creation of a local branch with the specified name (<local-branch-name>) in the remote repository indicated by <remote-name>, the transfer of the refs and objects corresponding to the local branch into the remote repository and the creation of a local tracking-branch, as reflected in the content of the .git/refs/remotes/<remote-name>: a new file with the same name as the local branch appears. The tracking branch is implicitly created.

At this stage, the newly published branch can be tracked: if somebody else clones the upstream repository and updates the newly published branch back in the repository, we're going to get the updates on the tracking branch by running git fetch, which will synchronize the local tracking-branch state with the state of the remote branch, in the remote -> local direction.

git checkout <local-branch-name>
git fetch

However, git fetch will only update the local tracking branch. git pull won't work because even if the tracking branch exists, we did not create yet a link between the local topic branch and the tracking branch so we can merge updates back into the local branch.

git pull
There is no tracking information for the current branch.
Please specify which branch you want to merge with.
...

git push does not work, so the state of the local branch cannot be automatically pushed to the remote repository.

git push
fatal: The current branch reference-implementation has no upstream branch.

This behavior is a consequence of the push.default=simple setting.

The local branch can be linked to the tracking branch as follows.

Different Remote Branch Name

If you want to create a remote branch with a name that differs from the name of the local branch, use the more generic syntax:

git push <remote-name> <refspec>

Example:

git push origin A:B

This will create a remote branch "B" with the content of our local "A" branch and as a side effect a local tracking branch refs/remotes/origin/B.

Link the Local Branch to its Tracking Branch

The local branch can be linked to its remote-tracking branch, so both git pull and git push work, as follows:

git branch --set-upstream-to=<remote-name>/<remote-branch-name> [local-branch-name]

If already on the local branch, specifying local-branch-name is optional.

Example:

git branch --set-upstream-to=origin/reference-implementation reference-implementation
Branch reference-implementation set up to track remote branch reference-implementation from origin.

Note that you don't have to be on the branch being pushed while executing the command.

The effect of the command is new configuration in .git/config:

...
[branch "reference-implementation"]
        remote = origin
        merge = refs/heads/reference-implementation

Push an Link in the Same Operations

This is the compressed version:

git push --set-upstream origin <local-branch-name>

Access the Branch form a Different Repository

Now that the branch was published in the upstream repository, any of its downstream repositories can see and interact with it. From a second repository, you can learn the branch exists by running:

git fetch <remote-name>

This will fetch updates, among them the new branch information, and it will create the tracking branch .git/refs/remotes/origin/<branch-name>. Then the branch can be displayed with:

git branch -r

To checkout the new branch:

git checkout <remote-branch-name>

This will create the local topic branch with the same name and will setup the link between the local branch and the local tracking branch by adding to .git/config a section similar to:

[branch "dev"]
     remote = origin
     merge = refs/heads/dev

Now you can fully interact with the branch from the second repository too, with no-argument git push and git pull.

Rename a Branch

Rename the Local Branch

If the branch exists only in the local repository - does not track a remote branch - then the branch can be simply renamed with the command specified below, without taking any other precautions. However, if the branch was published in a remote repository and you want that branch to be renamed as well, see Rename Both the Local Branch and the Remote Branch.

Use -m (or -M to force the move if the new branch name already exists):

git branch -m <old-branch-name> <new-branch-name>

Rename Both the Local Branch and the Remote Branch

To rename a remote branch, first make sure that other developers do not rely on it. If they do, the renaming must be coordinated with them. Assuming that this aspect has been taken care of, the renaming sequence consists in synchronizing the local branch with the remote one, severing the upstream relationship and renaming the local branch, deleting the remote branch, and pushing the renamed branch into the remote repository, while recreating the upstream relationship.

Sever the Upstream Relationship of the Local Branch

git branch --unset-upstream <branch-to-be-renamed>

git branch --unset-upstream task/unfashionable

Rename Locally

Follow the procedure described in Rename the Local Branch section, above.

git branch -m <old-branch-name> <new-branch-name>

This will update both the local branch name and add a new tracking branch (and update the corresponding .git/config configuration). It leaves the old tracking branch in place.

git branch -m task/unfashionable task/interesting

Rename Remote

Start by deleting the remote branch, as described in Delete the Remote Branch. Essentially is:

git push <remote-name> :<old-name>

git push origin :task/unfashionable

At this point, your remote branch is gone.

Re-Publish and Re-Link the New Branch

git push --set-upstream <remote-name> <branch-new-name>

git push --set-upstream origin task/interesting

Notify Other Developers

At this point, other developers that were tracking the old branch are left stranded, because an attempt to pull.

git pull
...
Your configuration specifies to merge with the ref 'fax'
from the remote, but no such ref was fetched.

Even more troublesome, an attempt to push recreates the old branch, so you need to tell them to delete the old branch locally, and get the new one:

git branch -d <old-branch-name>
git fetch <remote-name>
git checkout <new-branch-name>

Delete a Branch

Delete the Local Branch

Git does not maintain any form of historical record of branch names being created, removed, manipulated, merged or deleted. Once a branch name has been removed, it is gone.

To delete a local branch:

git branch -d <local-branch-name>

Example:

git branch -d reference-implementation
Deleted branch reference-implementation (was 6ac4990).

Note that the user cannot delete a branch currently checked out. A user cannot delete a branch that contains commits that are not present on the current branch. In that case, the message is:

error: The branch 'ofeodorov/16167943' is not fully merged.
If you are sure you want to delete it, run 'git branch -D ofeodorov/16167943'.

This safety measure can be overridden with -D (instead of -d).

Delete the Remote Branch

The remote branch can be removed by using the following syntax:

git push <remote-name> :<old-branch-name>

Example:

git push origin :reference-implementation
To https://ofeodoro@github.com:example/api.git
- [deleted]         reference-implementation

In the above generic example <old-branch-name> is a degenerate form of the +source:destination refspec where only the destination ref (no source ref) is specified.

Remotely, this removes the old branch ref - but does not delete anything else (objects such as commits, etc.).

Locally, this removes the old tracking branch from refs/remotes/remote-name directory. Trying to use the new branch locally at this point gives a warning:

Your branch is based on 'origin/<old-name>', but the upstream is gone.

It does not remove the link between the local branch and the local tracking branch from .git/config.

Prune Remote Branches

Remote tracking branches may accumulate under .git/refs/remotes/<remote-name> even the corresponding branches have been deleted locally and remotely. To clean up those hanging references run:

git remote prune <remote-name>

git remote prune origin

Also see:

git remote prune

Options

--unset-upstream

git branch --unset-upstream <branch-to-be-renamed|branch-to-be-deleted>

Getting the Current Branch

Getting the Current Git Branch

Find Branches a Given Commit Belongs To

git branch --contains <commit-id>

The command list all branches the given commit belongs to (it is among the ancestors of the branch heads), if any.

Find whether a Given Commit Belongs to a Specific Branch

git branch <branch-name> --contains <commit-id>

If exists:

git branch develop --contains ce1659602216895aa88a935203aafac3817deb78
+ develop

If it does not exist:

git branch feature/A --contains ce1659602216895aa88a935203aafac3817deb78

returns empty string.